I.  Definitions

        A.  Race: (from dictionary.com)
 

1.   Geographic or global human population distinguished as a distinct group by genetically transmitted  physical characteristics (real or imagined)

               a.  skin color (primary)
               b.  hair texture, color, and distribution
               c.  stature
               d.  musculature
               e.  sexual organs

2.  A group of people united or classified together on the basis of common history, nationality, or geographic distribution: the German race.

        B.  Common unwritten (in dictionaries) assumptions
 

1.  Strict rules about transmission of racial essence in inter-racial unions
               a.  Jews: by mother
               b.  Americans (historically): by either (hypodescent or the "one drop" rule)
               c.  Americans (contemporary): by both (biracial or multiracial)

2.  Cultural differences (real or imagined)
               a.  food, music, clothes
               b.  religion
               c.  levels of "civilization"
               d.  values, virtues and vices

3.   Biological subspecies:  that ancestry defines genetically distinct and isolated breeding populations that have different body types and different capacities or dispositions for manifesting culturally valued or disvalued traits

4.  perceived social stratification: that races are arranged in social hierarchy of power, privilege, prestige, wealth

5.  normative social stratification: that the races ought to be arranged in a social hierarchy

6.  subjective identity: that individuals' conceptions of themselves may or may not contradict objective identity

II.  Is there such a thing as race?
        A.   Biological evidence (NO!)

1.  DNA sequencing indicates remarkable similarity across groups (.01% same)
2.  While physical differences exist, they appear to be continuous rather than categorical
3.  Different biological markers (e.g., blood type, skin tone, hair texture) are uncorrelated
     (example)
 

                    1.  Characteristics attributed to race are associated with a variety of structural constraints on behavior
                                a.  access to education
                                b.  access to employment
                                c.  availability of housing
                                d.  treatment at the hands of police, media, and courts of law

                    2.  Characteristics attributed to race are associated with a variety of interpersonal constraints on behavior
                                a.  interpersonal prejudice and discrimination
                                b. availability of marital/sex partners

III.  Nazi scientific racism

        A.  Eugenics

                    1.  Originated in Darwinian biology and evolutionary theory

                                a.  Thomas Malthus: Principle of Population (1798)
                                            1.  populations increase geometrically while means of feeding only arithmetically
                                            2.  masses seen by European rulers as liabilities instead of assets

                                b.  Charles Darwin: Origin of Species by way of Natural Selection (1859)
                                            1.  evolutionary transformation of one species into another (Lamarck)
                                            2.  natural selection: traits that increase reproductive success are selected
                                            3.  drive behind evolution is the sexual reproduction instinct (Malthus docrine)
 
 

                    2.  What to do with surplus populations?

                                a.  dump them somewhere else
                                            1.  the age of imperialism ("Lebensraum" -- living space )
                                            2.  exportation of Jews outside German borders
 

                                b.  breed them out (racial purification or eugenics)

                                             1.  eugenics founded by Francis Galton (Darwin's cousin) (1869-1889)

                                             2.  Herbert Spencer coined term "survival of fittest" (1870) believed many were unfit

                                             3.  Adolf Jost: The Right to Death (1895):
                                                  solution to population problem: state control over human reproduction

                                             4.  sterilization becomes the preferred method of population control after WW1

                                             5.  the new science of intelligence testing (lecture | historical flowchart)
                                                        a.  Alfred Binet (1904) -- 1st IQ test
                                                        b.  Henry Goddard (1908) -- eugenicist; translated Simon-Binet into English
                                                        c.  Robert Yerkes (1917) -- Army alpha, beta

                                             6.  Ernst Mayr (an American): Civilization interferes with natural selection
                                                        a.  weak no longer destroyed but protected by religion etc.
                                                        b.  weak are idle so they reproduce more while those genetically superior
                                                             plan their families and reproduce less
                                                        c.  a minor tangent:  Is there evidence of dysgenesis?  Flynn effect suggests no!

                                             7.  Hitler et al.:
                                                        a.  National Socialism should take over where natural selection left off
                                                        b.  Ernst Rudin and SS chief Heinrich Himmler impose several laws
                                                                1. sterilization of all Jews and "colored" German children (1933)
                                                                2. racial purity law implementing segregation introduced
                                                                3. incentives for German women to bear more children

                                             8.  and back in the United States
 

                                 c.  kill them off

                                             1.  war viewed as an "indespensable regulator" of population

                                             2.  "racial scientists" openly advocated the killing of unwanted members of society

                                             3.  Adolf Jost: The Right to Death (1895): State has a natural right and sacred
                                                  responsibility to kill individuals in order to keep the nation alive and healthy

                                             4. Alfred Hoche (psychiatrist): The Destruction of Lives Not Worth Living
                                                        a. lost only son in WWI.-- demanded that the sick and inferior sacrifice too
                                                        b. stressed the therapeutic value of destroying "life unworthy of life"
                                                        c. argued that destruction of such life is "purely a healing treatment"

                                             5.  Rudolf Hess: "National Socialism is nothing but applied biology." (1934)

                                             6.  sterilization is replaced by euthenasia

                                                        a.  T4 (1940-1941)
                                                                  1.  the first big systematic program of mass murder carried out by the Nazis
                                                                  2.  named after Berlin Euthanasia Headquarters address: Tiergartenstraße 4

                                                        b.  The "14 f 13" program (Spring, 1941)
                                                                  1.  T4 program expanded to concentration camps
                                                                  2.  Heinrich Himmler ordered prisoners incapable of work to be euthanized
                                                                  3.  But prisoners were generally chosen based on racial and political criteria

                                                        c.  Child euthanasia (1940-1945)
                                                                  1.  "deformed" children up to 3 years of age and later up to 17 years
                                                                  2.  murdered in "Kinderfachabteilungen" (special child units) -- 4 proven
                                                                  3.  subjected to "medical" research
 

        B.  Why Germany?

                        1.  German medical ethics of defending one's colleagues (quote)

                        2.  Collapse of German economy caused scientists to shift to right

                        3.  Authoritarian Zeitgeist
                                    a.  lobotomy invented (Spain and U.S.)
                                    b.  electric shock treatment (U.S.)
                                    c.  sensory deprivation (USSR)
                                    d.  psychiatrists given power to confine mentally ill

                        4.  Professional opportunism